If you are starting with the solid material and wish to make a solution with the concentration expressed in molarity, use our Molar Solution Concentration Calculator. If you wish to perform dilution factor or fold dilution calculations for solutions with normality concentration units, use our Dilution Factor Calculator - Normality. Each calculator cell shown below corresponds to a term in the formula presented above. Enter appropriate values in all cells except the one you wish to calculate.
Therefore, at least three cells must have values, and no more than one cell may be blank. The value of the blank cell will be calculated based on the other values entered. After a calculation is performed, the calculated cell will be highlighted and subsequent calculations will calculate the value of the highlighted cell with no requirement to have a blank cell. However, a blank cell has priority over a highlighted cell. For convenience, this worksheet allows you to select different mass, volume, and concentration units, and the necessary conversions are carried out for you to obtain the value of the blank cell in the desired unit.
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So, there are 2 equivalents and not 3 like you might expect. You can find normality using the equation:. First, you need to know the formula for sodium carbonate to calculate its molecular weight and so you can see what ions it forms when it dissolves.
Sodium carbonate is Na 2 CO 3 and its molecular weight is When it dissolves, it forms two sodium ions and one carbonate ion. Set up the problem so the units cancel out to give an answer in equivalents per liter:. For liquid chemicals where the main compound is only a fraction of the total volume, such as the concentrated forms of hydrochloric HCl , sulfuric H2SO4 , and phosphoric H3PO4 acids, a few additional calculations must be performed to make a solution of a particular Normality.
The next article will describe and give examples of these additional calculations. These are not only useful for making acid and base solutions, but are useful in calculating concentrations of any type of concentrated dissolved compounds such as alum aluminum sulfate , bleach sodium hypochlorite , ferric chloride, and the many other solutions used in wastewater treatment.
Please note that this article specifically covers what is typically found in a wastewater treatment laboratory. There are exceptions to how the concentrations of acids and bases are measured, and this depends on the scope and application of a particular test method. All past articles are posted on our website. Go to www. Acidity and Alkalinity. Ammonia Nitrogen. Making Normal Solutions. BOD Test Requirements.
Phosphorus 1. BOD Test Requirements 2.
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